Scientists led by ICREA researcher Dr. Marco Milán at IRB Barcelona, based in the Barcelona Science Park, have revealed the link between chromosomal instability and cellular senescence. The work -published in the journal Developmental Cell- may help to understand the contribution of chromosomal instability and senescence to cancer, and facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets.

“Chromosomal instability and senescence are two characteristics common to most tumours, and yet it was not known how one related to the other. Our studies indicate that senescence may be one of the intermediate links between chromosomal alterations and cancer,” says Dr. Marco Milan, head of the Development and Growth Control Laboratory at IRB Barcelona.

“The behaviour we saw in cells with chromosomal instability made us think that they could be senescent cells and indeed that was the case!” says Dr. Jery Joy, first author of the article published in Developmental Cell.

The study has been conducted on the fly Drosophila, an animal model commonly used in biomedicine, It is a valuable animal model in cancer research because of its short life cycle, the availability of a large number of genetic tools, and the presence of the same genes as in humans, but with a lower level of redundancy. In fact, experiments designed to dissect the causal relationship between cellular behaviour or characteristics in human tumours, such as chromosomal instability and senescence, are more easily analysed in this model organism.

Reversing the effects of chromosomal instability

The researchers from the Development and Growth Control lab have shown that, in an epithelial tissue with high levels of chromosomal instability, those cells with an altered balance of chromosome number detach from their neighbouring cells and enter senescence. Senescent cells are characterised by a permanently halted cell cycle and by the secretion of a large number of proteins. This abnormal secretion of proteins alters the surrounding tissue, alerting the immune system and causing inflammation.

If the senescent cells are not eliminated by the body immediately, they promote abnormal growth of the surrounding tissue, leading to malignant tumours.  “If we identify the mechanisms by which we can lower the number of senescent cells, then we will be able to reduce the growth of these tumours,” says Dr. Milan. “In fact, this study shows that this is possible, at least in Drosophila,” says Dr. Joy.

Cells with an unbalanced number of chromosomes accumulate a high number of aberrant mitochondria and, therefore, a high level of oxidative stress, which in turn activates the JNK signalling pathway, triggering entry into senescence. “We have shown that reducing this high anomalous number of mitochondria, or regulating the oxidative stress that they induce, is sufficient to decrease the number of senescent cells and the negative effects of chromosomal instability,” reiterates Dr. Joy.

These findings open new avenues of research to find therapeutic targets and reduce senescence levels caused by chromosomal instability in solid tumours.

» For further information: IRB Barcelona website [+]