{"id":109416,"date":"2026-03-07T13:21:51","date_gmt":"2026-03-07T12:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pcb.ub.edu\/cnag-researchers-decode-cerebrospinal-fluid-as-a-tool-to-understand-the-progression-of-brain-diseases\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T15:17:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T14:17:40","slug":"cnag-researchers-decode-cerebrospinal-fluid-as-a-tool-to-understand-the-progression-of-brain-diseases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pcb.ub.edu\/en\/cnag-researchers-decode-cerebrospinal-fluid-as-a-tool-to-understand-the-progression-of-brain-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"CNAG researchers decode cerebrospinal fluid as a tool to understand the progression of brain diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>A study led by the National Center for Genomic Analysis (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pcb.ub.edu\/en\/empresa\/centre-nacional-danalisi-genomica-cnag\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNAG<\/a>), located at the Barcelona Science Park, reveals how cerebrospinal fluid holds key information about the progression of central nervous system neoplasms and their resistance to treatments. Published in <em>Cell Reports Medicine<\/em>, the research combines, for the first time, cerebrospinal\u2011fluid liquid biopsy with a set of next\u2011generation sequencing techniques. The findings open new avenues for developing personalized therapies for patients with leptomeningeal diseases, which are characterized by the presence of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Every day, our brain is bathed and cleansed with around half a litre of a colourless fluid: the cerebrospinal fluid. This \u201cbrain plumbing system\u201d penetrates the deepest layers of the nervous system and carries highly valuable information about what is happening at its epicentre, including immune cell activity. Until now, cerebrospinal fluid has primarily been used to diagnose various neurological diseases via lumbar puncture, helping thousands of patients understand their condition.<\/p>\n<p>Now, researchers from CNAG, in collaboration with Goethe University Frankfurt (Germany), has taken a step further by combining these samples with a suite of next-generation sequencing techniques to decode the cerebrospinal fluid and obtain key insights into the evolution of brain tumours and their treatment resistance. The study\u00a0analyses immune system activity in the cerebrospinal fluid, producing a high-resolution image of immune cell types and their interactions in patients with central nervous system neoplasms.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cStudying brain tumours has always been a major challenge, especially due to the difficulty of accessing them,\u201d explains <strong>Dr Holger Heyn<\/strong>, lead author of the study, ICREA Professor and Head of the Single-Cell Genomics Group at CNAG. \u201cIn this study, thanks to the cerebrospinal fluid, we\u2019ve dived into the brain\u2019s own plumbling and discovered a true hidden gem: direct information on tumour evolution and its dialogue with the immune system. This finding makes cerebrospinal fluid a powerful prognostic tool, allowing us to uncover previously unknown biomarkers that could form the basis for designing more effective therapies.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Decoding the tumour microenvironment of the brain<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Although the brain is an immune-privileged organ, our immune cells still migrate to it to fight tumours. As with any neurological disease, the presence of these cells in cerebrospinal fluid increases significantly in patients as the disease progresses, aiming to reach the epicentre and combat it.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers analysed over 70,000 cells from patients with cerebrospinal fluid lymphomas, glioblastomas, or brain metastases from melanoma, breast, and lung cancer, comparing them with cells from patients with neuroinflammatory disorders. CNAG\u2019s team used pioneering sequencing techniques that allowed the RNA of each cerebrospinal fluid cell to be studied individually, revealing how genes are activated and how cells respond to the tumour, including T-cell receptors, which act as \u201csensors\u201d to detect and attack cancer, with their expansion reflecting the strength of the immune response. The analysis was complemented with tumour DNA to identify potential vulnerabilities and spatial transcriptomicsto produce a detailed map of cellsin their environment.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThanks to this innovative approach, we\u2019ve learned that each tumour type creates its own microenvironment in the cerebrospinal fluid, reflecting what may be occurring at the disease\u2019s epicentre,\u201d explains <strong>Dr Juan Nieto<\/strong>, lead author and CNAG immunologist. \u201cThis helps us better understand tumour behaviour and immune response, providing very useful information for developing new toolsto monitor tumour dynamics.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3><strong>A step forward for personalised therapies<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Given the aggressiveness of central nervous system neoplasms and the limited effectiveness of current therapies, the scientific community is eager to better understand the biology of these tumours and the body\u2019s defence mechanisms. In this urgent race for answers, this study represents a major step forward, highlighting new potential biomarkersfor designing more effective personalised therapies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThrough these new analyses, we\u2019ve been able to identify T cells with specific receptors capable of recognising tumour cells in cerebrospinal fluid, whose possible entry route is through the bloodstream\u201d explains <strong>Paula Nieto<\/strong>, first author of the study and CNAG researcher. \u201cThis could allow the design of personalised therapies, such as T cells engineered with specific receptors or targeted vaccines, harnessing the body\u2019s own defence to fight cancer. While much work remains, these strategies could mark an important advance in brain tumour treatment, contributing to more precise therapies.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These immunotherapies exploit the patient\u2019s own T cells, training or modifying them to recognise and attack the tumour more effectively. Among the most advanced options are TCR-T cells (T cells modified with specific receptors), CAR-T cells designed to detect tumour antigens, and receptor-based vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to act directly against cancer.<\/p>\n<p>Currently, the study is in its second phase, applying this innovative approach to an expanded cohort of patients to analyse immune responses before and after treatment, with the ultimate goal of making this new methodology a universal analytical tool, scalable for use in hospitals and medical centres worldwide.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00bb Article of reference:<\/strong> Nieto, Paula, et al. \u2018Integrative CSF Profiling Identifies Disease-Specific Immune Responses in Leptomeningeal Disease\u2019. Cell Reports Medicine, Mar. 2026, p. 102651. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-reports-medicine\/fulltext\/S2666-3791(26)00068-6\">10.1016\/j.xcrm.2026.102651.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00bb Access to the news: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnag.eu\/news\/cnag-researchers-decode-cerebrospinal-fluid-tool-understand-progression-brain-diseases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CNAG website [+]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A study led by the National Center for Genomic Analysis (CNAG), located at the Barcelona Science Park, reveals how cerebrospinal fluid holds key information about the progression of central nervous&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":109412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[235],"class_list":["post-109416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-science","tag-cnag-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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